Yesterday I glued three strips of 64th ply --my second favorite building material-- to a piece of Daiso sheet foam --my first favorite. After about 12 hours, I was surprised that Elmers Wood Glue did so poorly. That might be an advantage if you want a temporary bond.
The fact that the wood is bent up is a sign that the wood was structurally weakened by the pulling of the free end. It was indeed the StyroGoo that was the best, followed by epoxy. I believe that the lower viscosity of StyroGoo gets deeper into the pores of the foam. Although it doesn't clean up with alcohol as well as epoxy, it is quicker to apply because the spout is the applicator. Epoxy has to be mixed and then applied with a stick.
Walt